CAT (VARC) PYQs

Isaac Newton's experiments with reflecting telescopes were the earliest versions of the "new astronomy" referred to in the passage.

interventionist instruments, or instruments that intervene directly in scientific inquiry, are different from embodied instruments, or instruments that embody scientific inquiry.

the advances in telescopy made by Newton with reflecting telescopes allowed early modern astronomers to observe the phases of Venus and the satellites of Jupiter.

the author distinguishes between the receptive and interventionist uses of instruments in the sciences by comparing astronomy and biology, respectively.